A universal framework for determining the effect of operating parameters on piezoionic voltage generation

approaches to the design, operation, and performance evaluation of piezoionic systems. In this work, we systematically show the effect of operating parameters on piezoionic voltage generation and provide a universal framework to describe new observations. To elucidate the relationship between the piezoionic response and the underlying mechanism, we propose a novel spatial-temporal strategy for characterizing the piezoionic effect. To ensure generality, newfound insights are modeled and cross-validated over a wide range of experimental data. New observations and new theoretical attributions resulting from this work provide the first systematic method towards optimizing the structure, geometry, and test of piezoionic devices.