Multi-leader multi-follower stackelberg game-based offloading strategy for blockchain-enabled DT-HetVNets

Recent advances in integrating Digital Twins (DTs) with Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks (HetVNets) enhance decision-making and improve network performance. Additionally, developments in Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) support the computational demands of DTs. However, the decentralized nature of MEC systems introduces security challenges and traditional HetVNets fail to efficiently integrate diverse computing and network resources, limiting their ability to handle services for vehicles. This paper presents a novel service request offloading framework for DT-HetVNets to address these issues. In this framework, we design utility functions for vehicles and infrastructures to maximize satisfaction of their requirements through data synchronization and decision-making between DTs and entities. Furthermore, we propose a new honestly based distributed PoA(HDPoA) via scalable work. The interactions between infrastructures and vehicles are modeled as a multi-leader multi-follower (MLMF) game, and we develop a dynamic iterative algorithm to achieve the Nash equilibrium (NE) of the proposed game-theoretic model. Experimental results validate the effectiveness and accuracy of our scheme.