Noble metal–TMO–carbon hybrid catalysts for solar-driven antibiotic detoxification in wastewater

systems, defect-engineered Ag-ZnO nanostructures, Z-scheme based heterojunctions, external-field-assisted catalytic systems based on piezo-, pyro-, and tribo-phototronic effects, and carbon-integrated TMO membranes, are discussed to illustrate how synergistic interactions among noble metals, semiconducting oxides, and conductive carbon frameworks enhance solar-light utilization and overall catalytic activity.