Satellite data show trees delay budburst across landscapes to escape herbivores

) across 60 temperate oak forest sites under experimental manipulation of insect herbivore loads in Central Europe, we show that prior-year leaf herbivory delayed budburst by 3 days, cancelling the phenological advance observed during a decade of warming. This delay reduced subsequent herbivory by 55%, exceeding the effects of parasitoids or pathogens, and persisted even during pest outbreaks. Across landscapes, the delay was strongest where it probably provided the highest benefit, that is, where a given amount of delay most effectively reduced following herbivory, which suggests an adaptive tree defence. Ultimately, trees may be trapped between responding to two opposing consequences of global change: warming selects for earlier budburst, whereas herbivory selects for delay. Our results underscore the need to consider not only climate, but also plant-herbivore interactions and adaptive evolution to predict tree responses to a changing world.