Investigating the Material Basis and Mechanisms of Toxicity Reduction in Processing and Compatibility of Euodiae Fructus Based on UPLC‐MS/MS Quantitative Analysis and UHPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS Metabolomics

In summary, BWW processing and WZYD compatibility reduce EF-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating linoleic acid metabolism, CYP2E1 activity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These processes are interconnected and play a central role in the detoxification of EF. By altering the chemical composition of EF, these processes reduce the levels of potential hepatotoxic components such as phenolic acids, while increasing the concentration of hepatoprotective alkaloids like evodiamine and rutaecarpine. These changes, combined with the modulation of key metabolic pathways, provide a scientific basis for the safer clinical use of EF.