A Comprehensive Review on Pulmonary Fibrosis (PF): Histological Spectrum, Diagnosis, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Molecular Pathophysiology, and Current Treatment Options

ABSTRACT Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) results from progressive lung tissue damage, which resembles the lung tissue scarring that disrupts gas exchange, leading to lower oxygen exchange capabilities. Various environmental dangers and autoimmune illnesses, together with specific infections and particular medications, serve as primary causes for PF development. This review intends to provide an overview of PF with respect to the tissue changes, diagnostic methods, risk factors, underlying biological mechanisms, and current treatment options. Preclinical studies indicate that herbal remedies together with natural products demonstrate anti‐inflammatory and antifibrotic properties, but clinical use remains difficult without adequate evidence. Additional research must be undertaken to validate and optimize these complementary PF management strategies for their future use.