Consolidation of venom proteomes from major Cnidarian species (Scyphozoa and Cubozoa) obtained using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Jellyfish envenomation is a significant cause of marine injuries and fatalities. Species under Scyphozoa and Cubozoa can trigger life-threatening effects upon envenomation. Despite the severity of these incidents, treatment options remain very limited. Proteomic information obtained using LC-MS/MS is crucial for identifying key toxins and elucidating the mechanisms underlying jellyfish envenomation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive list of venom proteomes from major Scyphozoans and Cubozoans. Among the ten major Scyphozoans and Cubozoans discussed in this review, the major toxin families were found to be phospholipases, proteases, metalloproteinases, serine protease inhibitors, pore-forming toxins, ion channel inhibitors, C-type lectins, and venom allergens. In addition to the relatively well-characterised venom toxins, several putative toxins were also identified. Interestingly, CfTX-like toxins, categorised as pore-forming toxins, were also homologous across most Scyphozoans apart from Cubozoans. These venom proteins are vital for developing antivenoms against various venomous jellyfish.