Dynamic Electrical Models of Perovskite Solar Cells Considering Hysteresis and Charge Accumulations Effects by Using Equilibrium Optimizer

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are third-generation photovoltaic technology that has gained a lot of attention due to its technological and economic advantages. The PSCs are characterized with low cost, high absorption, long carrier diffusion length, and low fabrication temperature. To model the performance of PSCs, a new dynamic model is proposed to track the cells hysteresis by adding a variable voltage capacitor to the single, double, and triple diode models. The aim with adding the variable capacitor is to emulate the effect of charge accumulation at the interfaces of the device. Three modified models are presented based on one or more variable capacitors at single, double, and triple diode models. Where, the triple diode model with third order variable voltage capacitor model is the best among all models by 74.9% enhancement in comparison with single diode model. Also, the Equilibrium optimization algorithm (EOA) is proposed to determine the parameters of the proposed dynamic model based on the triple diode model. In comparison with the experimental data, for both forward and reverse scans, the findings showed that the suggested model accurately reflects cell performance. Added to that, the EOA finds well the optimal model parameters considering the root mean square as primary objective function. Based on the simulation results, it was proved that the proposed model gives very close results to reality.