Graphdiyne as a Highly Efficient and Neuron-Targeted Photothermal Transducer for in Vivo Neuromodulation

modulation of neuronal activity through rational surface functionalization. We functionalize GDY with polyethylene glycol (PEG) through noncovalent hydrophobic interactions, followed by antibody conjugation to specifically target the temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) on the surface of neural cells. The nanotransducer not only exhibits high photothermal conversion efficiency in the near-infrared region but also shows great TRPV1-targeting capability. This enables photothermal activation of TRPV1, leading to neurotransmitter release in cells and modulation of neural firing in living mice. With its precision and selectivity, the GDY-based transducer provides an innovative avenue for understanding brain function and developing therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.