Microbial Polymers and Living Interfaces: Interplay Between Matter and Microbes

Polymer design is being reshaped by demands for low-carbon fabrication and bioactive/living function. We trace the bidirectional interface between microbes and polymers. First, we analyze how microbes synthesize polymers like polysaccharides, polyesters, and proteins and how post-synthesis processing (via mechanical and/or chemical treatments) reshapes molecular architecture and mechanical and thermal properties. We compare reported properties, highlight missing metrics, and evaluate sustainability levers including solvent recovery, cradle-to-gate impacts, and biodegradation/biocontainment constraints. Second, we examine how polymers shape the behavior of living organisms in the context of engineered living materials. Design is organized around four axes-regulating adhesion and detachment, sustaining or directing growth for regeneration, imposing spatial organization on consortia, and tuning phenotype-with implementations in drug delivery, carbon capture, antimicrobial screening, and structural composites. Finally, we outline how automation, artificial intelligence-guided experimentation, and robust sustainability metrics can couple performance with responsible deployment.