Soil-dwelling grub larvae of Protaetia brevitarsis biodegrade polystyrene: Responses of gut microbiome and host metabolism

Plastic pollution poses a significant threat to terrestrial ecosystems , yet the potential for soil fauna to contribute to plastic biodegradation remains largely unexplored. In this study, we reveal that soil-dwelling grubs, Protaetia brevitarsis larvae, can effectively biodegrade polystyrene (PS) plastics. Over a period of 4 weeks, these grubs achieved a remarkable 61.5 % reduction in PS foam mass. This biodegradation was confirmed by the depolymerization of ingested PS, formation of oxidative functional groups, noticeable chemical modifications, and an increase of δ 13 C of residual PS in frass . Additionally, antibiotic treatment to suppress gut microbes led to variations in the biodegradation process. PS ingestion induced a significant shift in the gut microbiome , promoting the growth of degradation-related bacteria such as Promicromonosporaceae , Bacillaceae , and Paenibacillaceae . Furthermore, the digestion of plastic triggered extensive metabolomic reprogramming of grubs' intestines, enhancing redox capabilities and facilitating PS biodegradation. These results indicate that responsive adaptation of both the gut microbiome and the host's intestinal metabolism contributes to PS degradation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate P. brevitarsis larvae's capability to alleviate soil plastic pollution, and highlight the potential of researching soil fauna further for sustainable plastic waste management solutions. • Grubs (P. brevitarsis larvae) achieved 61.5 % reduction in polystyrene foam mass for 4 weeks. • Depolymerization, chemical modifications, and δ 13 C increase of frass-residual PS were demonstrated. • Antibiotic treatment to suppress gut microbes led to variations in the biodegradation process. • PS ingestion changed gut microbiome, promoting the growth of degradation-related bacteria. • PS ingestion triggered metabolomic reprogramming of grubs' intestines, facilitating the biodegradation.