Compact near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy glucose detection system based on a triangular prism-shaped photoacoustic cell

and a resonance frequency of 29.43 kHz. Based on this cell, a low-cost, compact near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy system was built for detecting glucose solutions across normal and hyperglycemic ranges. The system achieved a detection limit of 28.63 mg/dL and a strong correlation (96.58%) between photoacoustic signal amplitude and glucose concentration. Partial least-squares regression and multiple linear regression have been utilized to establish concentration prediction models, achieving accuracies of 87.13% and 92.1%, respectively. All predicted values were located in zones A and B of Clarke's error grid analysis. These results indicate that the proposed tPAC is capable of effectively detecting photoacoustic signals.