Kaolinite particles as ice nuclei: learning from the use of different kaolinite samples and different coatings

Abstract. Kaolinite particles from two different sources (Fluka and Clay Minerals Society (CMS)) were examined with respect to their ability to act as ice nuclei. This was done in the water subsaturated regime where often deposition ice nucleation is assumed to occur, and for water supersaturated conditions, i.e. in the immersion freezing mode. Measurements were done using a flow tube (LACIS) and a continuous flow diffusion chamber (CFDC). Pure and coated particles were used, with coating thicknesses of a few nanometer or less, where the coating consisted of either levoglucosan, succinic acid, or sulfuric acid. In general, it was found that the coatings strongly reduced deposition ice nucleation. Remaining ice formation in the water subsaturated regime could be attributed to immersion freezing, with particles immersed in concentrated solutions formed by the coatings. In the immersion freezing mode, ice nucleation rate coefficients, jhet, from both instruments agreed with each other when the residence times in the instruments were accounted for. Fluka kaolinite particles coated with either levoglucosan or succinic acid showed the same IN activity as pure Fluka kaolinite particles, i.e. it can be assumed that these two types of coating did not alter the ice active surface chemically, and that the coatings were diluted enough in the droplets that were formed prior to the ice nucleation, so that freezing point depression was negligible. However, Fluka kaolinite particles which were coated with either pure sulfuric acid or which were first coated with the acid and then exposed to additional water vapor both showed a reduced ability to nucleate ice, compared to the pure particles. For the CMS kaolinite particles, the ability to nucleate ice in the immersion freezing mode was similar for all examined particles, i.e. for the pure ones and the ones with the different types of coating. Moreover, jhet derived for the CMS kaolinite particles was comparable to jhet derived for kaolinite particles coated with sulfuric acid. This is suggestive for the Fluka kaolinite possessing a type of ice nucleating surface feature which is not present on the CMS kaolinite, and which can be destroyed by reaction with sulfuric acid, which might be potassium feldspar.