Sulfur filling activates vacancy-induced C–C bond cleavage in polyol electrooxidation

ABSTRACT Using the electrochemical polyol oxidation reaction (POR) to produce formic acid over nickel-based oxides/hydroxides (NiOxHy) is an attractive strategy for the electrochemical upgrading of biomass-derived polyols. The key step in the POR, i.e. the cleavage of the C–C bond, depends on an oxygen-vacancy-induced mechanism. However, a high-energy oxygen vacancy is usually ineffective for Schottky-type oxygen-vacancy-rich β-Ni(OH)2 (VSO-β-Ni(OH)2). As a result, both β-Ni(OH)2 and VSO-β-Ni(OH)2 cannot continuously catalyze oxygen-vacancy-induced C–C bond cleavage during PORs. Here, we report a strategy of oxygen-vacancy-filling with sulfur to synthesize a β-Ni(OH)2 (S-VO-β-Ni(OH)2) catalyst, whose oxygen vacancies are protected by filling with sulfur atoms. During PORs over S-VO-β-Ni(OH)2, the pre-electrooxidation-induced loss of sulfur and structural self-reconstruction cause the in-situ generation of stable Frenkel-type oxygen vacancies for activating vacancy-induced C–C bond cleavage, thus leading to excellent POR performances. This work provides an intelligent approach for guaranteeing the sustaining action of the oxygen-vacancy-induced catalytic mechanism in electrooxidation reactions.