Dysphagia and Dysphonia After Head and Neck Cancer

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work is to synthesize the latest developments in diagnosis and management of acute and late dysphagia and dysphonia in oral cavity cancer. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Google Scholar in May 2024 of articles published between 2021 and 2024. Keywords in the search terms included oral cavity cancer, dysphagia, dysphonia, deglutition, swallowing, voice, oral cavity cancer treatment, oral cavity radiation, chemotherapy, dysgeusia, xerostomia, swallow preservation. RESULTS: Twenty-seven pertinent studies fit the inclusion criteria. The most common dysphagic complaints following head and neck cancer are trismus, xerostomia, mucositis and dysphagia. Dysphonia, change in voice is reported by half of head and neck cancer survivors. Fibrosis and neuropathy following radiation therapy to the oral cavity, tongue, oropharynx and its surrounding structures is the most common etiology of post-treatment dysphonia. CONCLUSIONS: Oral cavity cancers cause speech and swallowing dysfunction due to both anatomic and post-treatment changes. These sequalae can be detrimental to the quality of life of the head and neck cancer survivor. For both dysphagia and dysphonia after head and neck cancer early speech and swallow therapy with a Speech Language Pathologist are essential to restoring and maintaining function.