Adaptive bipartite output containment control of heterogeneous multi‐agent systems against FDI attacks

Abstract This paper researches the adaptive bipartite output containment control of heterogeneous multi‐agent systems (HMASs) against false data injection (FDI) attacks. The malicious adversaries could inject attacks on the actuator to maximize damage to the HMASs, which in turn causes the compromised followers to be unable to track the output states of the leaders. To address this issue, a resilient layer is introduced that prevents attack signals from affecting the states. Moreover, an adaptive compensator is ingeniously devised to counteract these attacks, thereby ensuring that both cooperative and antagonistic agents adhere to distinct convex hulls. Leveraging the output regulation approach, conducting Lyapunov stability analysis, and drawing upon other pertinent methodologies, we have systematically constructed a robust framework for the realization of bipartite output containment control. Ultimately, the validity of the analytical findings is confirmed through a series of rigorous numerical simulations.