Essential Role of Nonessential Amino Acid Glutamine in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Atherosclerosis is a major disease that seriously harms human health and is known as the "number one killer" in developed countries and the leading cause of death worldwide. Glutamine is the most abundant nonessential amino acid in the human blood that has multifaceted effects on the body. Recent studies showed that glutamine is negatively corrected with the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. In this review, we focused on the relationship of glutamine with macrophage polarization, nitrification stress, oxidative stress injury, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and therapeutic angiogenesis to review its roles in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.