Computational Modelling and Validations for Sustainable Drying Processes

Theoretical models are mathematically complex and involve many parameters since they are established from fundamental drying physics [ 1 ], which couples transport equations with thermodynamically interactive fluxes and phase equilibrium expressions. This time-consuming modelling has led to the development of powerful numerical methods. In this regard, the food drying sector has increasingly adopted computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches in the quest to analyse processes, design, and optimise drying systems [ 2 ]. CFD is a discipline that has progressed from a mathematical curiosity to become an indispensable tool in nearly every branch of fluid dynamic [ 3 ]. The use of numerical solution methods is trendy, and the popularity of such an advanced modelling approach is due to its plentiful advantages. CFD modelling plays a pivotal role in understanding and solving complex heat and transport equations and other associated phenomena such as chemical reactions [ 4 ], providing an attractive visualisation of temperature fields, velocity vectors, shrinkage, and moisture distribution inside the food or within the drying chamber to improve final product quality [ 5 , 6 ].