Promising technologies under development for recycling, remanufacturing, and reusing batteries: an introduction

Increased battery consumption has created a focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which has put pressure on mining activity. This has resulted in a search for alternative raw materials for manufacturing batteries. This chapter is devoted to an overview of new and promising technologies for recycling, reusing, and remanufacturing batteries. First, the main batteries used worldwide are presented, such as alkaline, NiMH, and Li-ion. Second, the current practices adopted in light of the current technology are described. Finally, theoretical and practical promising technologies such as ionic liquid, supercritical fluids, nanohydrometallurgy, and deep-eutectic solvents are presented. The techniques and processes herein contextualize recycling, reusing, and remanufacturing in view of the circular economy and sustainable development goals.