A review on metal-oxide based trace ammonia sensor for detection of renal disease by exhaled breath analysis

Breath sensors have the potential to transform medical diagnostics by providing non-invasive and customised on-demand detection and monitoring of health indicators. The nanostructured film's gas sensing capacity is impressive in terms of response time, detection limit, & reversibility. In this work, we present advances in the detection of trace level ammonia vapor in breath, a bio-marker for renal disorders, using extremely selective, sensitive, and stable sensors at sub-ppm levels. This painless, efficient method will enhance the existing gold standard for detecting renal disease, allowing for speedy and early identification. At the end, we present an outlook for the upcoming development of efficient ammonia sensors.