Controlled formation of closed-pore structures in modified phenolic resin-derived carbons for enhanced sodium storage

X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) reveal a three-step sodium storage mechanism: adsorption, intercalation, and pore-filling, with rough pore surfaces accelerating filling kinetics. This strategy provides a scalable approach for designing high-performance carbon-based anodes.