Engineering next generation vascularized organoids

Organoids are self-organizing 3D cell culture models that are valuable for studying the mechanisms underlying both development and disease in multiple species, particularly, in humans. These 3D engineered tissues can mimic the structure and function of human organs in vitro. Methods to generate organoids have substantially improved to better resemble, in various ways, their in vivo counterpart. One of the major limitations in current organoid models is the lack of a functional vascular compartment. Here we discuss methodological approaches to generating perfusable blood vessel networks in organoid systems. Inclusion of perfused vascular compartments markedly enhances the physiological relevance of organoid systems and is a critical step in the establishment of next generation, higher-complexity in vitro systems for use in developmental, clinical, and drug-development settings.