Advances and Challenges in Tracheal Epithelium Regeneration: Insights into Tissue Engineering Approaches

This review evaluates the current strategies and modeling, biomaterial scaffolds, cells, and bioactive factors used in tracheal epithelium regeneration, as well as the methods employed to assess their success through histological, functional, and molecular analyses. While significant progress has been made, the development of a safe, functional, and clinically viable tracheal graft remains elusive, underscoring the need for continued innovation in airway tissue engineering. Future advancements in biomaterial design, stem cell technology, and bioreactor-based tissue maturation hold promise for addressing challenges.