Impacts of increasing compound hot-dry events on vegetation under the warming-wetting trend in Northwest China

• Compound hot-dry events (CHDEs) continue to increase during the “warming-wetting” period. • The maximum duration of CHDEs show an increasing trend in western NWC. • The recovery time of vegetation after once CHDEs at a daily scale was quantified. • The pattern of resistance and resilience to CHDEs is reversed in NWC. In the warming world, climate extremes tend to be more frequent and intensive. The exceptional response of ecosystems triggered by extreme events under a warmer and wetter climate in northwest China (NWC) has aroused growing concern. However, understanding the responses of vegetation to climate extremes from a compound perspective remains challenging. In this study, we identify the climate dynamics in NWC during 1971–2020 based on daily meteorological observations, focusing on the changes in compound hot-dry events (CHDEs) during the warmer and wetter period. We further explore the effects of CHDEs on vegetation by examining vegetation anomalies and recovery time using daily gross primary productivity (GPP) data. The results show a clearly warmer and wetter period in NWC during 2000–2020. No signs of a stalled increase in CHDEs are observed during this period, and even the duration of CHDEs in western NWC keeps showing an increasing tendency. Vegetation in eastern NWC, with a lower probability of GPP anomalies, exhibits stronger resistance of ecosystems to CHDEs than in western NWC. In NWC, vegetation typically returns to its normal state in 5.50 days on average, but exhibits greater resilience in the western region, where it takes less recovery time (4.82 days). Vegetation in central region shows the lowest probability of GPP anomalies and relatively long recovery time, likely due to its higher altitudes. Our research underscores the imperative to address the considerable impacts of CHDEs on vegetation growth even as the regional climate tends to be warmer and wetter.