Pathobiology of Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease , is highly associated with the metabolic syndrome . Given its high heterogeneity in patients along with unpredictable clinical outcomes, MAFLD is difficult to diagnose and manage. MAFLD is associated with obesity, diabetes, metabolic derangements, lipid disorders, cardiovascular disorders, sleep apnea , sarcopenia , gut dysbiosis , and sex hormone-related disorders. Identification of risk factors is imperative in understanding disease heterogeneity and clinical presentation to reliably diagnose and manage patients. The complexity of MAFLD pathobiology is discussed in this review in relation to its association with common metabolic and nonmetabolic disorders.