Intracellular nonequilibrium fluctuating stresses indicate how nonlinear cellular mechanical properties adapt to microenvironmental rigidity

Living cells are known to be in thermodynamically nonequilibrium, which is largely brought about by intracellular molecular motors. The motors consume chemical energies to generate stresses and reorganize the cytoskeleton for the cell to move and divide. However, since there has been a lack of direct measurements characterizing intracellular stresses, questions remained unanswered on the intricacies of how cells use such stresses to regulate their internal mechanical integrity in different microenvironments. This report describes a new experimental approach by which we reveal an environmental rigidity-dependent intracellular stiffness that increases with intracellular stress - a revelation obtained, surprisingly, from a correlation between the fluctuations in cellular stiffness and that of intracellular stresses. More surprisingly, by varying two distinct parameters, environmental rigidity and motor protein activities, we observe that the stiffness-stress relationship follows the same curve. This finding provides some insight into the intricacies by suggesting that cells can regulate their responses to their mechanical microenvironment by adjusting their intracellular stress.