Efficient transformation and artificial miRNA gene silencing in Lemna minor

Abstract Despite rapid doubling time, simple architecture and ease of metabolic labelling, a lack of genetic tools in the L emnaceae (duckweed) has impeded the full implementation of this organism as a model for biological research. Here, we present technologies to facilitate high‐throughput genetic studies in duckweed. We developed a fast and efficient method for producing L emna minor stable transgenic fronds via A grobacterium ‐mediated transformation and regeneration from tissue culture. Additionally, we engineered an artificial micro RNA (ami RNA ) gene silencing system. We identified a L emna gibba endogenous mi R 166 precursor and used it as a backbone to produce ami RNA s. As a proof of concept we induced the silencing of CH 42 , a magnesium chelatase subunit, using our ami RNA platform. Expression of CH 42 in transgenic L . minor fronds was significantly reduced, which resulted in reduction of chlorophyll pigmentation. The techniques presented here will enable tackling future challenges in the biology and biotechnology of L emnaceae.