Practical management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Approximately 70% to 80% of all patients who receive chemotherapy experience nausea and vomiting, which can disrupt their lives in numerous ways. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) has traditionally been classified according to three patterns: acute, delayed, and anticipatory. Additional classifications include refractory and breakthrough nausea and vomiting. The mechanisms by which chemotherapy causes nausea and vomiting are complex, but the most common is thought to be activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone. An appreciation of the risk factors for developing CINV is important when matching antiemetic treatment to risk. The emetogenicity of the chemotherapy regimen--generally categorized as high, moderate, low, or minimal--greatly affects a patient's risk for developing CINV In addition to established and emerging pharmacologic approaches to managing CINV, many complementary and integrated modalities may be options. Progress in CINV management must include a better understanding of its etiology and a focus on prevention. This review will consider the etiology, assessment, and treatment of patients with CINV.