Relationship between Gestational Weight Gain Rate Trajectory and Overweight in Offspring at Three Years of Age

Background: The incidence of childhood obesity has increased rapidly, and its relationship with adult diseases is constantly being revealed. Maternal factors have been shown to play an important role in the growth and development of newborns. In this article, we explored the relationship between the gestational weight gain (GWG) rate and overweight/obesity in offspring at 3 years of age. Methods: A total of 5146 pregnant women and their children registered between January 2010 and December 2018 were studied by a retrospective cohort study. The Group-based Trajectory Model was used to distinguish the GWG rate patterns. Overweight/obesity was diagnosed by the weight-for-height Z-score at 3 years of age. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between GWG rate patterns and outcomes. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated to analyze the association between GWG rate patterns and overweight/obesity in offspring at 3 years of age. Results: Three GWG rate growth patterns were identified in this study. The incidence of offspring overweight/obesity in the low-stable, high-stable, and low-sharp patterns was 8.33%, 3.68%, and 6.03% respectively. After adjusting covariates, compared with the low-stable pattern, the high-stable pattern increased the risk for offspring to be overweight/obesity at 3 years of age, with OR of 2.26 (95% CI, 1.31–3.90). However, the low-sharp pattern was not associated with overweight/obesity in offspring at 3 years of age. Conclusions: The high-stable increasing pattern of the GWG rate is a risk factor for overweight/obesity in offspring at 3 years of age.