Glutamine Induces Heat Shock Protein Expression Via O‐Glycosylation and Phosphorylation of HSF‐1 and Sp1

These results indicate that GLN induces HSF-1 and Sp1, which is known to lead to their nuclear translocation. The molecular mechanism of GLN-mediated HSP70 expression appears to be dependent on O-GlcNAc pathway activation and subsequent O-glycosylation and phosphorylation of key transcription factors required for HSP70 induction.