IL-1β promotes tubulointerstitial injury in 
MPO-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis

Sterile inflammation leads to the formation of ANCA-mediated neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which may stimulate macrophages and dendritic cells via TLR4 and induce NF-κB-dependent mRNA expression and translation of pro-IL-1β. Simultaneously, damage-associated molecular pattern signals resulting from NETs promote NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent processing and release mature active IL-1β. Sterile inflammation utilizing the NLRP3 inflammasome might be a characteristic reaction limited to the tubulointerstitium. Thus, neutralizing IL-1β may be a promising strategy to suspend the progress of TII and improve the prognosis of chronic kidney disease resulting from ANCAGN. .