Updates in functional dyspepsia and bloating

Functional dyspepsia and bloating are common gastrointestinal conditions that frequently lead to gastroenterology referral. Both disorders have a significant negative impact on patients' quality of life and the healthcare system. The purpose of this review is to highlight important new findings in the cause, pathophysiology and treatment of these two disorders.Confocal laser endomicroscopy identified changes in epithelial barrier structure and function, providing important insights into the development of functional dyspepsia symptoms when combined with new observations of localized duodenal inflammation. Changes in the gut microbiome may be responsible for functional dyspepsia symptoms in some patients and may respond to gut-selective antibiotics. New data from the NIH-sponsored Gastroparesis Consortium confirmed that functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis are not distinct disorders but rather exist on a spectrum. Virtual reality may be a new therapeutic option for the treatment of functional dyspepsia. A novel questionnaire was developed and validated to assess symptoms, prevalence and impact in patients with bloating and distension. A meta-analysis identified medications to treat symptoms of bloating in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation.Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia and bloating are leading to important changes in medical therapies.