A bio-based ionic complex with different oxidation states of phosphorus for reducing flammability and smoke release of epoxy resins

Developing high efficient, environmentally friendly and bio-based flame retardants for combustible polymers has gained increasing interest. Herein, a novel highly efficient biomass-derived flame retardant ([email protected]) with different oxidation state phosphorus is prepared via neutralization of phytic acid (PA) and phenylphosphonate-based compound (EHPP). Due to synergistic effect between PA and EHPP, the incorporation of [email protected] significantly improves the flame-retardant performances of epoxy resin (EP), bringing about 64% reduction in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and 16% reduction in total heat release (THR). Additionally, EP/[email protected] also displays excellent smoke suppression performance, exhibiting 45% reduction in peak CO production (pCOP), 61% reduction in peak smoke release production rate (pSPR), and 21% reduction in total smoke production (TSP). The flame-retardant mechanism of [email protected] is further investigated, indicating that [email protected] effectively exerts flame-retardant effect in the condensed and gaseous phases during combustion. In the condensed phase, phytic acid facilitates the formation of a protective char shield, while in the gas phase, EHPP releases PO· and NO· to quench active radicals and inhibits the combustion.