The emerging H3K9me3 chromatin landscape during zebrafish embryogenesis

Abstract The structural organization of eukaryotic genomes is contingent upon the fractionation of DNA into transcriptionally permissive euchromatin and repressive heterochromatin. However, we have a limited understanding of how these distinct states are first established during animal embryogenesis. Histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) is critical to heterochromatin formation, and bulk establishment of this mark is thought to help drive large-scale remodeling of an initially naive chromatin state during animal embryogenesis. However, a detailed understanding of this process is lacking. Here, we leverage CUT&RUN to define the emerging H3K9me3 landscape of the zebrafish embryo with high sensitivity and temporal resolution. Despite the prevalence of DNA transposons in the zebrafish genome, we found that LTR transposons are preferentially targeted for embryonic H3K9me3 deposition, with different families exhibiting distinct establishment timelines. High signal-to-noise ratios afforded by CUT&RUN revealed new, emerging sites of low-amplitude H3K9me3 that initiated before the major wave of zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Early sites of establishment predominated at specific subsets of transposons and were particularly enriched for transposon sequences with maternal piRNAs and pericentromeric localization. Notably, the number of H3K9me3 enriched sites increased linearly across blastula development, while quantitative comparison revealed a >10-fold genome-wide increase in H3K9me3 signal at established sites over just 30 min at the onset of major ZGA. Continued maturation of the H3K9me3 landscape was observed beyond the initial wave of bulk establishment.