The effect of magnesium ions synergistic with mineralized collagen on osteogenesis/angiogenesis properties by modulating macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo

Abstract In bone tissue engineering, the bone immunomodulatory properties of biomaterials are critical for bone regeneration, which is a synergistic process involving physiological activities like immune response, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis. The effect of the macrophage immune microenvironment on the osteogenesis and angiogenesis of various material extracts was examined in this experiment using Mg 2+ and Nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen (nHAC) in both a single application and a combined form. This study in vitro revealed that the two compounds combined significantly inhibited the NF- κ B signaling pathway and reduced the release of inflammatory factors from macrophages when compared with the extraction phase alone. Additionally, by contributing to the polarization of macrophages towards the M2 type, the combined effects of the two materials can significantly improve osteogenesis/angiogenesis. The results of in vivo experiments confirmed that Mg 2+ /nHAC significantly promoted bone regeneration and angiogenesis. This study offers a promising method for enhancing bone graft material osseointegration.