LRRC15 in tumorigenesis, progression, and therapy

Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 (LRRC15), a transmembrane protein, has been closely associated with malignant phenotypes, therapeutic resistance, and immune evasion in various solid tumors since its initial identification as a tumor-associated antigen in 2003. This review systematically summarizes the molecular characteristics of LRRC15, its regulatory functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. By integrating recent advancements in genomics, proteomics, single-cell sequencing, and clinical translational research, this article comprehensively elucidates the multifaceted mechanisms of LRRC15 in tumor initiation, metastasis, immune regulation, and therapy resistance. It also discusses current research limitations and future directions, aiming to provide multidimensional theoretical and practical insights for precision oncology.