Advances in Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Hydrogels for Sensing Technologies

ABSTRACT Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐based hydrogels have gained significant attention in sensor applications due to their exceptional properties, including high water retention, biocompatibility, and mechanical flexibility. This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the synthesis, functional modification, and performance optimization of PVA hydrogels for sensing applications. Various chemical and physical crosslinking strategies are discussed, emphasizing their impact on enhancing stability, mechanical robustness, and environmental adaptability. The integration of various conductive materials is examined for improving electrical conductivity and sensitivity, positioning these hydrogels as a highly effective platform for diverse sensing applications. The review further explores the sensing mechanisms underpinning the sensing performance of PVA hydrogels, including conductometric, piezoresistive, piezoelectric, triboelectric, optical and colorimetric, and thermoelectric modalities, which facilitate the detection of mechanical strain, temperature changes, and biological analytes. Innovations in material design, such as hybrid hydrogels and advanced crosslinking techniques, are also discussed for their potential to further enhance mechanical durability and environmental responsiveness. By elaborating a detailed analysis of current research trends and identifying key knowledge gaps, this review underscores the potential of PVA hydrogels as next‐generation materials for sensors, with promising applications in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and flexible electronics.