Phospholipids in plant systems: metabolism, regulation and functional insights

Phospholipids are essential components of cellular membranes in plants and play important roles in several biological processes including membrane biogenesis, signaling, and stress response. Here, we systematically review the metabolic pathways that coordinate the assembly and degradation of phospholipids, as well as the functional roles of phospholipids in plant growth. To achieve this, we summarize recent biochemical and physiological studies of key enzymes involved in these pathways, and highlight the regulation of phospholipid metabolism at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. These processes facilitate dynamic adjustments in phospholipid levels in response to environmental stressors and signaling pathways, and are crucial for maintaining phospholipid homeostasis and plant development. In addition, beyond their roles in maintaining the structural integrity of biological membranes, we also discuss crosstalk between phospholipid metabolic pathways, glycolipid production, and lipid droplet formation. Collectively, these insights contribute to a deeper understanding of phospholipid dynamics and their multifunctional roles in plants.