Perovskite-based solar cells in photovoltaics for commercial scalability: Current progress, challenges, mitigations and future prospectus

Perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a transformative technology in photovoltaics , demonstrating rapid advancements in efficiency and versatility. This review gives the status of PSCs’ current development, difficulties and opportunities for commercial applicability. We start with a brief description of photovoltaics and the importance of using renewable energy sources , then turn to the description of perovskite materials and their features. The structure and the basic electronic, optical and transport parameters of perovskites are discussed and compared to conventional photovoltaic materials to reveal the benefits of the former. The developments in PSCs are followed from the historical aspect to the material synthesis and the device architecture of the present day. We discuss several fabrication methods , including the solution process and its applicability to large-scale production. Stability and degradation mechanisms are elaborated, and ways to improve the lifetime of PSCs are discussed. Specific performance parameters, records of various efficiencies, and comparisons with other solar cell technologies are provided to explain why PSCs are superior. Discussed are commercial viability issues, such as manufacturing, availability of materials, toxicity, environment, and costs. A review of the factors affecting the implementation of PSC technology and future market prospects is also provided. The concluding section of the study addresses future trends, possibilities for breakthroughs in the field of material science and engineering, and the way to reach the goal of the commercialization of PSCs. The bright future of PSCs in the photovoltaic market indicates that they will be able to contribute considerably to the process of switching the world to clean energy.