Transferred communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal persist in novel climates and soils

Symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi strongly influence plant establishment and growth particularly in harsh environments, whereby sympatric, presumably co-adapted symbionts are considered particularly beneficial. However, the response of transferred sympatric mycorrhizal fungal communities to new environments remains largely ignored. We therefore studied the relative importance of initial inoculum, soil and climatic conditions on the composition, diversity and root colonization ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities. To do so, we analyzed the AMF communities in an extensive experiment with two ecotypes of Bouteloua gracilis planted in their sites of origin and in four new sites differing in climate and soil properties. After three seasons of growth, the sympatric AMF communities were little changed by the new abiotic conditions. The composition of the AMF communities in plant roots was most strongly determined by the initial inoculum, while the contribution of divergent soil and climatic conditions was an order of magnitude smaller. The levels of root colonization by AMF, in contrast, were significantly influenced by climatic and soil conditions and did not differ among communities of different origins. Their pattern indicates that mycorrhiza formation is facilitated in the plant's sympatric soil and climatic conditions, but also that transferred AMF communities adjust mycorrhiza formation to new abiotic conditions.