The interplay of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) uptake, translocation, and toxicity in plants: a critical review

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a large, multifaceted group of synthetic fluorinated compounds present in a wide range of applications such as healthcare, households, industries, and electronic gadgets. The high persistence and bioaccumulation potential of these substances in the environment have raised significant concerns. The recalcitrant nature and high mobility make their remediation almost impossible. The rate of PFAS uptake, transformation, and accumulation varies among different plant parts and is influenced by ambient variables, compound-specific properties, plant species, and other competing factors. The primary objective of this review is to critically evaluate current research on the uptake, accumulation, translocation, and distribution of PFAS by various plant species. Mechanisms involved in the degradation and uptake of PFAS are also discussed in detail. The present review aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the toxicity and defence mechanisms of plants triggered by PFAS at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels, thereby improving research prospects for phytoremediation of PFAS and enhancing plants' ability to hyperaccumulate PFAS.