Modified Cellulose for Intestinal Health

Rising global incidence of bowel disorders is driving an urgent demand for novel therapeutic strategies capable of overcoming the limitations of conventional treatments, particularly their substantial side effects, high costs, and potential enteric neurotoxicity. Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer, serves as a promising material due to its biocompatibility, sustainability, and capacity for functional modification. This review comprehensively explores recent advances in the use of modified cellulose for managing intestinal diseases. We systematically analyze the relationship between the structure and function among various cellulose derivatives and describe the physical, chemical, and biological methods used to improve their therapeutic potential. A major emphasis is placed on the diverse therapeutic mechanisms of modified cellulose. These include its role as an engineered carrier for targeted delivery of drugs and probiotics, its ability to regulate gut microbiota and strengthen the intestinal barrier, and its functions in immune modulation and toxin adsorption. We also address remaining challenges and future directions, highlighting the potential of artificial intelligence to advance rational material design. This review aims to provide a foundation for developing effective, safe, and clinically viable cellulose-based therapies for intestinal health.