Global drivers of heart failure attributable to atrial fibrillation/flutter: insights from Joinpoint regression, age-period-cohort analysis, and future projections from the GBD 2021 Study

The global burden of HF-AF/AFL is substantial and increasing. Our analysis projects a continued rise in this burden over the coming decades and identifies distinct risk patterns driven by age, period, and birth cohort. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted public health strategies to address this growing challenge.