A comprehensive review on catalysts for seawater electrolysis

Seawater electrolysis is a sustainable energy conversion technology that generates clean energy by splitting seawater into hydrogen and oxygen. However, the catalysts used in seawater electrolysis often face significant stability challenges because of the high concentration of salt ions and other impurities present in seawater. This review aims to discern the pivotal factors influencing catalyst stability in seawater electrolysis, elucidate the corrosion and electrochemical degradation mechanisms, and delve into the various strategies employed to enhance catalyst stability. These strategies encompass catalyst material selection, surface modification techniques, catalyst support materials, and catalyst design strategies. By gaining deeper insights into the obstacles and innovations concerning catalyst stability in seawater electrolysis, this review strives to expedite progress toward the commercialization and widespread adoption of this technology as a renewable and feasible approach for hydrogen production. Ultimately, the goal is to foster a cleaner and more sustainable future by enabling the efficient and enduring generation of hydrogen from seawater. This review systematically surveys the factors affecting catalyst stability and various strategies on enhancing the stability of catalysts for seawater electrolysis is emphasized, aiming to guide the construction of stable catalysts with unparalleled performance.