Recent Advances in Structure, Biofunction, Detection, and Disease Therapeutic Targeting of Cytochrome P450

The heme monooxygenase cytochrome P450 (CYPs), which play a major role in human drug metabolism, is predominantly found in the liver and intestines. CYPs are essential for the metabolism of therapeutic drugs and the treatment of diseases. It catalyzes the oxidative metabolism of several endogenous and exogenous chemicals. The expression and biological functions of CYP are affected by environmental factors, genetic variations, and physiological conditions, which can lead to adverse effects and reduce the therapeutic efficacy of drugs in humans. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in the development of probes that can detect the activity of CYPs in complex living systems. This review explores the recent advancements in our understanding of the structure and function of CYPs. It highlights the need to develop specific probes for various CYP subtypes using nonoptical, fluorescent, and bioluminescent substrates. Furthermore, it summarizes the potential of certain CYP subtypes as therapeutic targets for various diseases. Finally, the challenges and prospects of probes for monitoring CYP activity are explored.