Advances in the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Lymphomas: A Comprehensive Overview

This comprehensive overview delves into the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of lymphomas, focusing on Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin subtypes. The text explores genetic alterations, environmental triggers, and immune dysregulation that drive lymphomagenesis. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) features Reed-Sternberg cells, with subtypes requiring tailored chemoradiotherapy or immunotherapy. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) spans diverse B-cell, T-cell, and NK-cell malignancies, including aggressive forms like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and indolent variants such as follicular lymphoma. Advances in targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy, and stem cell transplantation, have transformed treatment paradigms, enhancing outcomes for refractory cases. Emerging biomarkers and genetic profiling enable precision medicine approaches, addressing the unique molecular and clinical landscapes of various subtypes. Despite progress, challenges persist in managing relapsed or high-risk lymphomas, underscoring the need for ongoing research into innovative treatments.