Canine mammary carcinoma: An update

Canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) is the most frequently diagnosed tumour in unspayed canines and leads to one of the main causes of their deaths, thereby making it a major problem for veterinary medicine. Such neoplasia appears spontaneously and, due to its biological and clinical similarity with human breast cancer (HBC), it has been considered an excellent animal biomodel for studying this type of cancer. This review addresses CMC's main characteristics, including clinical-diagnostic approach, histopathological and clinicopathological aspects, epidemiological features, carcinogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, therapeutic tools, related biomarkers and prognostic and predictive factors.