Rational design of FAP-targeted sEVs delivered by microneedles for precision treatment of hypertrophic scars via ferroptosis in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts

rescue experiments using the ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 confirmed that these effects were specifically mediated by ferroptosis. Collectively, these results support FAP as an actionable targeting handle for preferential delivery to scar fibroblasts and suggest that ferroptosis-associated inactivation of HSFs can be leveraged through a microneedle-enabled, locally retained sEV formulation.