Identification and characterization of RAC1‐related immune and prognostic subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with significant variability in prognosis among patients. Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1) is a key focus in the area of cancer research. However, the molecular mechanisms of RAC1 in HCC remain incompletely elucidated. Materials and methods In this study, bioinformatics analysis was used, and public databases were used to obtain information about HCC cases. The samples were categorized into two groups of high and low expression based on the expression level of RAC1 gene. The limma package was used to calculate the differentially expressed genes between the two groups, and univariate Cox regression analysis was used to screen the prognostic related factors. Consensus clustering analysis was performed using the ConsensusClusterPlus package to identify molecular subtypes of HCC patients. Immune cell infiltration and ESTIMATE scores were assessed using the single sample gene set enrichment analysis and ESTIMATE algorithms. The sensitivity of different isoforms to chemotherapeutic agents was predicted by the oncoPredict package. Finally, we also performed cell function experiments to validate the biological role of RAC1 in vitro . Initially, we classified patients into high and low expression groups based on RAC1 gene expression levels and identified 195 up‐regulated genes and 107 down‐regulated genes. Through univariate Cox regression analysis, we screened out 169 prognosis‐related factors. Furthermore, HCC patients were categorized into two subtypes. Subsequently, Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that there was a significant difference in prognosis between the two molecular subtypes. Further analysis indicated substantial differences in gene expression levels and TIDE scores between two molecular subtypes. Moreover, these two subtypes exhibited varying sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs, as evidenced by differences in IC 50 values. In addition, we found that the silence of RAC1 could effectively inhibit the migration and invasion of HCC cells in vitro . Conclusion This study sheds light on the molecular intricacies of RAC1 in HCC and identifies patient populations that may benefit from immunotherapeutic interventions, with potential implications for tailored treatment strategies.