Research progress on nanomaterial-empowered electrochemical biosensors for the detection of cardiac troponin I

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a prevalent and high-risk type of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a major threat to global human health. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of CVD is important to protect life and health. Cardiac troponin (cTnI) is considered the best biomarker for diagnosing AMI because of its high specificity and sensitivity to acute cardiomyocyte injury. In recent years, electrochemical sensing technology has provided a unique platform for accurate quantitative detection of cardiac biomarkers, effectively shifting early diagnosis of CVD to a higher level of precision and intelligence. Among them, electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated significant potential in monitoring the occurrence and development of CVD due to their benefits including rapid response, high sensitivity, and low cost. This work focuses on the use of various sensing materials including carbon-based materials, metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, MOF composites and conductive polymer nanomaterials in detecting cTnI by electrochemical biosensors. We also discuss the application of various electrochemical biosensors in biomarker detection under different techniques. Moreover, this review systematically reveals its mechanism of action and unique benefits. It focuses on systematically presenting the latest research progress in the detection of cardiac biomarkers based on electrochemical platforms. We deeply analyze their current application status and future development trends, geared towards providing a comprehensive and future reference for research.